User Guide

The Queensland Government provides a comprehensive suite of downscaled, high-resolution climate projections data that can be used in climate risk assessments, available on the Queensland Future Climate web platform.

This data has been produced through the Queensland Future Climate Science Program, a partnership between the Queensland Government and The University of Queensland. The projections data for Queensland were generated through dynamical downscaling of multiple global climate models. Factsheet #1 provides more detail on the process to generate these projections and Factsheet #4 provides more detail on the individual models used.

While climate projections data are also available from other sources, the Queensland Government recommends that Queensland Government agencies, Queensland local governments and all Queensland-based projects use the high-resolution projections available via Queensland Future Climate.

Using the data available via the Queensland Future Climate platform has many advantages over other sources of climate data:

  • The data were optimised to best represent Queensland's climate features.
  • It has been developed to meet priority needs of Queensland users and to maximise usability.
  • It was derived with cutting-edge climate science to improve the representation of future climate across Queensland's regions.
  • It's completely free to use and supported by the Queensland Government.
  • It's designed to be flexible and easy to use, providing climate information in different styles and formats depending on your needs.
  • It provides high-spatial resolution output (based on a 10km-by-10km square grid) for a wide range of climate variables, including extreme events.
  • It has been calibrated against historical observations (a process called 'bias correction') to ensure it is suitable for use in assessments of climate risks and impacts.
  • It will be updated with new climate modelling data as it becomes available.

The Queensland Future Climate website includes a number of different tools that can be used to explore the climate projections data and information in different ways. These tools and resources can be accessed via a simple menu system and by a series of tiles on the home page (screenshot below). The main tools and resource include the:

  • Queensland Future Climate Dashboard
  • Regional Explorer
  • High-resolution projections data
  • Regional Climate Change Impact Summaries
  • Tropical Cyclone Hazard Dashboard
  • Factsheets
  • Case studies.
Queensland Future Climate home page
A screenshot of the Queensland Future Climate home page that provides easy access to the different tools for exploring the climate projections information.

The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) is a collaborative effort to coordinate international climate modelling activities. The latest generation of climate models are part of the sixth phase of the project, or CMIP6 for short. CMIP6 introduced some important changes in comparison to the previous phase (CMIP5), including how emissions scenarios are described in the models.

The Queensland Future Climate Science Program provides climate projections data and information using both CMIP5 and CMIP6 models.

The Queensland Future Climate Dashboard and Regional Explorer will display CMIP6 information by default, but you can easily switch between CMIP5 and CMIP6 using the buttons near the top of the window. While using these resources, you can recognise which version you are viewing by icons and the colours of headings and highlights - teal for CMIP5 and maroon for CMIP6.

CMIP buttons
Buttons on the Dashboard and Regional Explorer can be used to switch between CMIP5 and CMIP6 projections. The version being displayed is indicated by the coloured button while the other one will be greyed out.

The structure and functionality of the two versions are almost identical and the instructions in this user guide apply to either version. Icons beneath each heading in this guide will indicate which generation of projections is available for each resource. Where differences occur in the appearance, features or function of a resource depending on the generation of projections displayed, they will be identified with a simple tag in the text, e.g. CMIP5 or CMIP6.

Please refer to the factsheets on this website for more information on the differences between CMIP5 and CMIP6 models, and for more information on the emissions scenarios described using Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) for the CMIP5 projections or Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) for the CMIP6 projections.

 

 

The Queensland Future Climate Dashboard (Dashboard) provides an easy-to-use, online, map-based interface for Queensland's climate projections. The Dashboard includes a wide range of climate parameters for two RCP (CMIP5 version) and three SSP (CMIP6 version) emissions scenarios and multiple time horizons. The Dashboard allows users to explore, visualise and download the latest high-resolution climate modelling data for specific regions, such as catchments, Queensland's disaster districts, and local government areas.

The Dashboard provides access to climate projections in a variety of formats to suit different purposes, including simple data summaries, maps, charts and shapefiles to overlay with other spatial datasets in a Geographic Information System (GIS).

Queensland Future Climate Dashboard
A screenshot of the Queensland Future Climate Dashboard showing the main interface elements; the tabs for selecting the climate themes such as mean climate, heatwaves and extreme temperature indices (in the purple box), the drop-down menus for selecting climate variables and other parameters (blue box), the map panel (green box), and the output charts for displaying summary information (orange box). This structure and core functions are the same for the CMIP5 and CMIP6 projections.

The Climate theme tabs provide the first level of customisation where users can select from seven major climate themes. Each theme presents a selection of related climate variables and metrics. The climate theme tabs are located on top of the Dashboard.

Climate theme tabs
A screenshot of the first level of customisation available on the Dashboard using the climate theme tabs.

The climate themes that can be selected via the tabs on the Dashboard include:

  • Mean climate: The long-term average of the climate over the time-period of interest.
  • Heatwaves: Prolonged extreme heat events which impact many sectors of the Australian community. Understanding how heatwave characteristics may change across Queensland in future is of critical importance to understanding potential impacts on health, wellbeing and mortality.
  • Extreme temperature indices: Extreme temperature indices are used to monitor changes and variability in extreme temperature events over time. These indices are often important for adaptation decision-making in the health, agriculture and infrastructure sectors.
  • Extreme precipitation indices: Extreme precipitation indices are meaningful tools to understand changes and variability in water supply over time. The indices offer insights to inform water management, agriculture and emergency services, among other sectors.
  • Drought indices: Australia is the driest continent with highly variable rainfall regimes. Understanding trends and patterns in future droughts is pivotal for Queensland communities. The CMIP5 information is based on the 12-month Standardized Precipitation Index or SPI. For CMIP6, there's a choice between measures based on SPI or the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) that accounts for both precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.
  • Wetness indices: Wet events (e.g. heavy rainfall, floods) are part of Queensland's variable climate and understanding future changes in wetness is paramount for reducing the future impacts of flood events. In Queensland, wetness is usually associated with specific drivers such as La Niña and extreme events (e.g. convective storms, low pressure systems and tropical cyclones). Similar to the drought indices, the CMIP5 information is based on SPI while there's a choice between SPI or SPEI for CMIP6 information.
  • Fire weather indices: Australian landscapes are fire prone and have been severely damaged by bushfires in the recent past. Fire weather is defined as the climate conditions conducive to bushfires. Understanding how these conditions are projected to change in future is essential to build preparedness for these disasters. This theme includes seven categories of fire danger using the McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI).

The drop-down menus towards the top left of the window allow you to select the region, variable of interest, emissions scenario, season and year (20-year time period). The blue information dots link to pop-ups with definitions of the key terms and further explanations.

Drop down menus
The drop-down menus on the Dashboard to customize regions, variables, emission scenarios, calendar seasons and time horizons. On the CMIP5 version, you can select two scenarios - RCP4.5 or RCP8.5. On the CMIP6 version, you can select from three scenarios - SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP3-7.0.

You can select regions using a number of different categories depending on your scale of interest: local government areas, bio-regions, regional plan areas, major river basins and disaster districts. The CMIP6 version includes additional categories for natural resource management areas and for locations that provides information for cities, towns and other points of interest.

For emissions scenarios, the available options are different for the CMIP5 and CMIP6 versions. For CMIP5, you can select between two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). RCP8.5 is a very high emissions scenario while RCP4.5 is a moderate emissions scenario.

For CMIP6, you can select from three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). SSP1-2.6 is a low emissions scenario, SSP2-4.5 is a moderate scenario, and SSP3-7.0 is a high emissions scenario. Please refer to the factsheets for more information on RCPs and SSPs.

 

Four future time periods are available:

  • 2020-2039, labelled as ‘2030’
  • 2040-2059, labelled ‘2050’
  • 2060-2079, labelled ‘2070’
  • 2080-2099, labelled ‘2090’.

Using a combination of the tabs and drop-downs, you can select from the wide variety of climate variables listed below. Full descriptions of these variables are provided in a separate factsheet.

Mean climate

  • Mean temperature – seasonally averaged mean air temperature (°C)
  • Maximum temperature – seasonally averaged maximum daily air temperature (°C)
  • Minimum temperature – seasonally averaged minimum daily air temperature (°C)
  • Precipitation – seasonally averaged daily precipitation (mm/day)
  • Pan evaporation – seasonally averaged pan evaporation (mm/day)
  • FAO Reference Evapotranspiration (CMIP6 only) – seasonally averaged evapotranspiration estimated using the FAO Penman-Monteith equation (mm/day)
  • Relative humidity – seasonally averaged relative humidity (%)
  • Surface wind – seasonally averaged horizontal wind speed at 10m above ground (m/s)
  • Solar radiation – seasonally averaged downwelling shortwave radiation at the Earth's surface (W/m2).

Heatwaves

  • Heatwave peak temperature (CMIP5)- maximum temperature of the hottest day of the season’s hottest heatwave (°C)
  • Heatwave peak heat index (CMIP6) - maximum heat index of the hottest day of the hottest heatwave of the selected season. The heat index, also known as the apparent temperature, is what the temperature feels like to the human body when relative humidity is combined with the air temperature (°C)
  • Heatwave frequency – number of heatwave days relative to number of days in a season
  • Heatwave duration – average duration of all heatwave events in the season (days)
  • Maximum heatwave duration – length of the longest heatwave of the season (days).

Extreme temperature indices

  • Hot days – seasonal count of days with maximum temperature > 35°C (days)
  • Hot nights – seasonal count of nights with minimum temperature > 20°C (days)
  • Very hot days – seasonal count of days with maximum temperature > 40°C (days)
  • Warm spell duration – seasonal count of days with at least 4 consecutive days when daily maximum temperature > 90th percentile (days)
  • Cold spell duration – seasonal count of nights with at least 4 consecutive nights when daily minimum temperature < 10th percentile (days)
  • Cold nights - seasonal count of nights with minimum temperature < 5°C (days).

Extreme precipitation indices

  • Maximum 1-day precipitation – seasonal maximum 1-day total precipitation (mm)
  • Maximum 5-day precipitation – seasonal maximum consecutive 5-day total precipitation (mm)
  • Extremely wet day precipitation – seasonal total precipitation when daily precipitation > 99th percentile (mm)
  • Simple daily intensity – seasonal total precipitation divided by the number of wet days (mm/day)
  • Consecutive dry days – maximum number of consecutive days with daily precipitation < 1 mm (days)
  • Consecutive wet days - maximum number of consecutive days with daily precipitation ≥ 1 mm (days).

Drought indices

  • Duration of moderate droughts – average duration of droughts (in months) where the SPI (CMIP5) or SPEI (CMIP6) ≤ -1
  • Frequency of moderate droughts – number of drought events in the 20-year period where the SPI or SPEI ≤ -1
  • Percent time in moderate drought – number of months in drought as a percentage (%) where the SPI or SPEI ≤ -1
  • Duration of severe droughts – average duration of droughts (in months) where the SPI or SPEI ≤ -1.5
  • Frequency of severe droughts – number of drought events in the 20-year period where the SPI or SPEI ≤ -1.5
  • Percent time in severe drought – number of months in drought as a percentage (%) where the SPI or SPEI ≤ -1.5
  • Duration of extreme droughts – average duration of droughts (in months) where the SPI or SPEI ≤ -2
  • Frequency of extreme droughts – number of drought events in the 20-year period where the SPI or SPEI ≤ -2
  • Percent time in extreme drought – number of months in drought as a percentage (%) where the SPI or SPEI ≤ -2.

Wetness indices

  • Duration of moderate wetness – average duration of wetness (in months) where the SPI (CMIP5) or SPEI (CMIP6) ≥ 1
  • Frequency of moderate wetness – number of wet events in the 20-year period where the SPI or SPEI ≥ 1
  • Percent time in moderate wetness – number of wet months per year as a percentage (%) where the SPI or SPEI ≥ 1
  • Duration of severe wetness – average duration of wetness (in months) where the SPI or SPEI ≥ 1.5
  • Frequency of severe wetness – number of wet events in the 20-year period where the SPI or SPEI ≥ 1.5
  • Percent time in severe wetness – number of wet months as a percentage (%) where the SPI or SPEI ≥ 1.5
  • Duration of extreme wetness – average duration of wetness (in months) where the SPI or SPEI ≥ 2
  • Frequency of extreme wetness – number of wet events in the 20-year period where the SPI or SPEI ≥ 2
  • Percent time in extreme wetmess – number of wet months as a percentage (%) where the SPI or SPEI ≥ 2.

Fire weather indices

  • Low fire risk days – seasonal count of days with an FFDI between 0 and 5
  • Moderate fire risk days – seasonal count of days with an FFDI between 5 and 12
  • High fire risk days – seasonal count of days with an FFDI between 12 and 24
  • Very high fire risk days – seasonal count of days with an FFDI between 24 and 50
  • Severe fire risk days – seasonal count of days with an FFDI greater than 50
  • 95th percentile fire risk days – seasonal count of days with an FFDI greater or equal to the 95th percentile for the calibration period
  • 99.7th percentile fire risk days – seasonal count of days with an FFDI greater or equal to the 99.726th percentile for the calibration period.

The map section of the Dashboard allows you to pan and zoom to a region of interest and also provides a simple visualisation of regional variation in the selected climate parameters.

The regional boundaries displayed on the map reflect the regional category selected using the drop-down menu. When you click on a region, the map will zoom to that region and the output charts will provide information for that region. When 'Locations' is selected as the regional category (CMIP6 version only), you can select the point of interest by clicking on the map or via a drop-down menu that appears on the left-hand side of the map panel (screenshot below).

The map displays the result of the customisations undertaken via climate theme tabs and drop-down menus, one climate variable at a time, with a legend to help interpret the data displayed. Importantly, the map displays the result for the model ensemble average only - that is the averaged future scenario from the ensemble of downscaled climate models. When a region is selected, users can hover their mouse over an individual 10x10km grid cell to trigger a popup with data for that grid cell.

The map panel includes additional controls on the left side that can zoom the map area, zoom to the full extent, show or hide the grid squares, change the level of transparency of the climate layer and display an information window.

Map panel
The Dashboard's map panel zoomed in to the Fraser Coast Regional Council Area showing the legend and a pop-up for a single 10x10 km grid square.
Map panel with locations
When using the 'Locations' regional category, an additional menu appears on the map area to scroll through the available point locations, or you can click on a yellow location marker on the map. The selected location will appear in red.

The output charts on the right of the Dashboard window display data for the selected region, variable, scenario and future time periods relative to the reference period (1986 - 2005 for CMIP5, 1995 - 2014 for CMIP6).

These charts and data are useful for building regional summaries, for providing information to include in reports, and for 'first pass' or 'scan' climate risk assessments. As you select different options via the menu, you will see these charts update in response to your selections. When clicking over the plot elements, a pop up is shown with the statistics for individual models, as well as the model average and percentiles (screenshot below).

  • The top chart shows seasonal variation for the selected year.
  • The bottom chart shows change over time (2030, 2050, 2070 and 2090).
  • The heavy line is the average for the ensemble of climate models used in the simulations, but the chart also shows the range of model outputs to help understand uncertainty. Full descriptions of the climate models used are provided in factsheet #4.
  • Using the buttons at the bottom of the panel, you can download the charts and underlying data in different formats, as both images and data tables.
Output chart panel panel
The output chart panel from the Dashboard. On the left side, this example is displaying the projections for the change in mean temperature for the Fraser Coast Regional Council area under RCP8.5, with seasonal variation in the top chart, and change over time in the bottom chart. On the right side, there is an example of the pop-up table showing the full range of values for all 11 models used in the CMIP5 simulations.

There are three different switch or slider controls for changing the chart appearance; Mean, Range and Models. These sliders can be toggled on or off using the buttons at the top of the output chart. Switching 'Mean' to 'On' will show the multi-model ensemble mean as a thick bar (this is the default option). Turning on 'Range' will show the range in the ensemble as a green bar. Switching 'Model' to 'On" will show thin bars for individual models.

The ability to download the ensemble averages of the simulations for each variable in shapefile format allows users to easily combine it with other spatial data of interest using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The shapefile button will download the currently selected variable in the popular shapefile format that can be read by any GIS application.

The attribute table for the shapefile provided for each climate variable includes data for each combination of the four time slices (2030, 2050, 2070 and 2090) and for all seasons, including:

  • Annual
  • Summer (labelled ‘djf’ for December, January and February)
  • Autumn (‘mam’ for March, April and May)
  • Winter (‘jja’ for June, July and August)
  • Spring (‘son’ for September, October and November)
  • Dry (‘mjjaso’ for May - October)
  • Wet (‘ndjfma’ for November - April).
GIS display
An example displaying multiple climate projection shapefile layers downloaded from the Dashboard (change in maximum temperature, number of hot days, heatwave peak temperature, heatwave duration, time in drought, maximum 5-day rain) combined with other spatial layers available from QSpatial (Queensland coastline and border, population centres, major roads and regional plan areas) using QGIS.

 

 

The Regional Explorer tool on Queensland Future Climate provides a quick and easy way to access summary information based on the climate projections for a specific region. The Regional Explorer tool provides different options for accessing regional summary data, including user-interactive summary tables and plots that show the change in a selected climate variable over time to 2100.

Users can control the Regional Explorer using a map and drop-down menus, similar to the main Dashboard described above. Also similar to the Dashboard, the Regional Explorer can display information based on either CMIP5 or CMIP6 projections selected via a switch near to top of the window. The basic structure is the same for both sets of generations of projections with some minor formatting changes.

Summary tables

By selecting the 'Summary tables' tab, the desired region and the climate theme, users will see a summary table (example below) that provides information for all available climate variables for that region and theme. This table includes values for the baseline period (1986 - 2005 for CMIP5, 1995-2014 for CMIP6), and the means and ranges for all four time periods and all emissions scenarios (two RCPs for CMIP5 and 3 SSPs for CMIP6).

Users can download and save the tables in multiple formats that provide options for further analysis, including PDF, image (PNG), Excel spreadsheet (XLSX) and text (CSV).

Summary tables
A screenshot of the summary tables available via the Regional Explorer (CMIP6).

Timeseries charts

After selecting the 'Timeseries charts' tab, users can use the drop-down menus to select the region, climate theme, climate variable of interest, season and emissions scenario. The resulting plot will show the results of the projections for the chosen criteria to 2100. There are options to show the level of detail displayed on the plots, including a range and mean, comparing the emissions scenarios on the one plot, or displaying the projections for all individual models. As users move the mouse over the chart, a popup will appear showing summary data for any given year (example below).

Similar to the summary tables, users can download the plots in multiple formats depending on how the information will be used.

Timeseries charts
The timeseries charts available via the Regional Explorer provide very flexible options for visualising change in climate variables over time (CMIP5).

 

 

For more advanced applications such as detailed climate risk assessments, Queensland Future Climate also provides access to gridded datasets for both CMIP5 and CMIP6 projections, including all individual climate models, all climate variables, and additional time periods (daily, monthly, seasonal), including the bias-corrected daily simulations.

These datasets are more appropriate for users with programming skills but can also be visualised using GIS platforms. They are available for the individual ensembles and are useful for more specialised analyses or where data will be used in further modelling. The data are provided in netCDF format (for storing multidimensional scientific data). Most major GIS applications (such as ArcGIS or QGIS) can render these directly as grids.

More information on the CMIP5 high resolution projections including links to download data from the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) can be found at https://longpaddock.qld.gov.au/qld-future-climate/data-info/tern-cmip5/.

More information on the CMIP6 high resolution projections and how to access them via the National Computation Infrastructure (NCI) is available from https://longpaddock.qld.gov.au/qld-future-climate/data-info/tern-cmip6/.

High-resolution data
A screenshot of the Queensland Future Climate page that provides access to the high-resolution projection gridded datasets available on the TERN portal (CMIP5).

 

 

The Tropical Cyclone Hazard Dashboard (TC Dashboard) presents information on severe wind hazards associated with tropical cyclones for Queensland regions out to 2090, expressed as both Average Recurrence Intervals (ARI) and Annual Exceedance Probabilities (AEP).

This presents the data component of the Severe Wind Hazard Assessment for Queensland (SWHA-Q) delivered in partnership with the Queensland Fire and Emergency Services (QFES) and Geoscience Australia. The SWHA-Q aims to better understand the potential impacts of modelled current and future tropical cyclones for Queensland regions, population centres and critical infrastructure, and to better communicate the projected changes in cyclone behaviour across Queensland.

 

TC Dashboard
The Tropical Cyclone Hazard Dashboard.

 

The interface of the TC Dashboard is similar to that of the Queensland Future Climate Dashboard. It is composed of drop-down menus, maps, plots, and tables that allow users to customise, visualise, and download current and future wind hazard information summarised across Queensland regions.

For detailed information on the methods used to produce the data presented on the TC Dashboard, please refer to the Tropical Cyclone information page on Queensland Future Climate. The main difference compared to other Queensland Future Climate products is that the information on the Tropical Cyclone Hazard Dashboard is presented as hazard profiles for regions and locations accounting for Average Recurrence Intervals and Annual Exceedance Probabilities for historical and future simulations.

The Queensland Future Climate web portal includes case studies that explore selected climate hazards in more detail, including how they can be considered in risk assessments and adaptation decision-making. The existing case studies for heatwaves and water security will be joined by additional case studies in the future.

 

 

The Heatwaves case study summarises the expected effects of climate change on the frequency and intensity of heatwaves, and the implications these changes may have on our health, lifestyles, infrastructure, services and industries.

Heatwave case study
A chart from the Heatwave case study showing the projected changes in heatwave frequency and duration.

For example, the figure shown above is a chart featured in the case study that integrates historical observations and projections for the South East Queensland region. This work suggests that the mean number of heatwave days (expressed as a percentage of the year) will increase from less than two over the reference period to about 17 in 2070 and about 25 in 2090. There is a similar trend for heatwave duration which may increase from four days during the reference period to about 20 days in 2070 and over 30 days in 2090 (depending on future greenhouse gases emissions).

The heatwave case study also includes an interactive map allowing users to view projection information for heatwave frequency and duration for each local government area.

 

 

The Water security case study explores the potential effects of climate change on our water supply and water security, and how these effects can be managed.

Water security case study
A figure from the water security case study showing projected changes in aridity and streamflow in the Burnett River catchment. The red line is the multi-model average, the grey shaded area indicates model spread or range, and grey lines denote smoothed trends for average, minimum and maximum.

The figure above provides an example of the information available from the water security case study. For the Burnett River catchment, the timeseries shows a clear increase in the aridity index. While the streamflow trend shows a decline in the average level, there is some volatility in the range and projected maximum values.

The data provided on Queensland Future Climate is free to access and use. However, we ask that any reports, papers, websites or other documents that apply the data include an appropriate reference or acknowledgement of the source.

Suggested citations:

CMIP6 Webpage:

Trancoso, R, McGloin, R, Putland, D, Syktus, J, Ahrens, D, Chapman, S, Owens, D, Toombs, N, Eccles R & Zhang, H. 2024, ‘Queensland Future Climate Services - downscaled CMIP6 climate projections for Queensland’s regions and locations’, accessed from <https://www.longpaddock.qld.gov.au/qld-future-climate/>.

CMIP6 Data collection:

Syktus, J, Chapman, S, Trancoso, R, & Toombs, N. 2024, ‘CORDEX-CMIP6 Regional Projections from the Queensland Future Climate Science Program’, accessed from <https://dx.doi.org/10.25914/8fve-1910>.

CMIP6 Model Evaluation and Impact Assessment:

Chapman, S, Syktus, J, Trancoso, R, Thatcher, M, Toombs, N, Wong, K & Takbash, A (2023): Evaluation of Dynamically Downscaled CMIP6-CCAM Models Over Australia. Earth's Future 11(11). Available at https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023EF003548.

Chapman, S, Syktus, J, Trancoso, R, Toombs, N, & Eccles, R (2024): Projected Changes in Mean Climate and Extremes from Downscaled High-Resolution CMIP6 Simulations in Australia. Available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4836517.

CMIP5 Webpage:

Syktus, J, Trancoso, R, Ahrens, D, Toombs, N & Wong, K 2020, ‘Queensland Future Climate Dashboard: Downscaled CMIP5 climate projections for Queensland.’, accessed from <https://www.longpaddock.qld.gov.au/qld-future-climate/>.

CMIP5 Data collection:

Syktus, J, Toombs, N., Wong, K., Trancoso, R., Ahrens, D. (2020): Queensland Future Climate Dataset – Downscaled CMIP5 climate projections for RCP8.5 and RCP4.5. Version 1.0.2. Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN). dataset. https://doi.org/10.25901/5e3ba30f141b7.

Last updated: 27 August 2024